Tailings problem, gold companies to solve this way ......   Tailings usually refers to mine solid waste that is not suitable for further sorting and recovery under the prevailing conditions after mine beneficiation. And tailings storage simply refers to the construction of a dam to intercept the valley mouth or enclose the land constituted to stockpile metal or non-metallic mines for ore beneficiation after the discharge of tailings or other industrial waste places.   At present, there are nearly 10,000 tailing ponds in China, and the number of tailing ponds is large and widely distributed. Tailings pond environmental management base is weak, coupled with the tailings pond pollution hidden strong, some tailings ponds adjacent to important rivers, drinking water sources and other ecologically sensitive targets, pollution prevention measures are not perfect, operation and management is not standardized, environmental risks are more prominent.   Tailings pollution problem should not be underestimated   The problem of tailings is extremely prominent in the mining pollution problems that have occurred in recent years. The 2011 Yunnan Qujing chrome slag pollution incident, resulting in the death of sheep, pigs and undrinkable water; a mining company in Shaanxi Province in 2012 discharged ore processing slag through a river berm, affecting the arable land of downstream villages and the lives and property of residents; 2015, a company located in Longnan City tailings pond leakage, resulting in a sudden environmental incident across Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces, causing a certain impact on the production and living water of some people along the line, and directly threatening the safety of water supply to local residents; In 2020, a mining company tailings pond in Heilongjiang Province leaked, causing the local first water plant to stop taking water, and some river sections, farmland and woodland pollution in Yichun City and Suihua City ...... These lessons always remind us that the pollution problem caused by tailings cannot be underestimated and must be taken seriously. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution (amended in 2020) requires that adhering to the principles of reduction, resourcefulness and harmlessness, mining enterprises should adopt scientific mining methods and beneficiation processes to reduce the amount of tailings, coal gangue, waste rock and other mining solid waste generated and stored. At the same time, the state encourages the adoption of advanced technology for tailings, coal gangue, waste rock and other mining solid waste for comprehensive utilization. Tailings, coal gangue, waste rock and other mining solid waste storage facilities after the cessation of use, mining enterprises should be sealed in accordance with national regulations on environmental protection and other provisions to prevent environmental pollution and ecological damage. In 2022, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment issued the "tailings pollution prevention and management measures," "tailings pond pollution hidden danger investigation and management technical guidelines (for trial implementation)" to risk prevention and control as the core implementation of tailings pond classification and classification of environmental management, and firmly guard the bottom line of ecological and environmental security. At the same time continue to promote the Yangtze River economic belt, the Yellow River basin and other key areas, watershed tailing pond pollution management, strengthen the flood tailing pond pollution hidden danger investigation and management, and improve the tailing pond environmental supervision infrastructure capacity, further improve the tailing pond environmental information, build tailing pond environmental management information system, with information technology means to enhance the tailing pond environmental management capacity and level, enhance the ecological environment departments around the tailing pond Pollution management level and environmental supervision capacity. And the World Gold Council also reflects the high importance it places on tailings and emissions management in its 2019 release of the Responsible Gold Mining Principles (RGMP) - we will ensure that environmental responsibility is at the heart of our operations and will follow ongoing management and governance actions that are consistent with accepted practices to design, construct, manage and abandoned tailings storage and heap leach facilities and major hydraulic infrastructure. At the same time, no new mines will be developed that would involve the use of riverine or shallow seabed tailings. Managing tailings gold companies have been taking action   For gold mining companies, the concern for ecological protection and the practice of the concept of "green water and green mountain is the silver mountain" is something that they need to improve and implement throughout their production management process. Many gold mining companies have been exploring and taking concrete actions to address the core issue of tailings management. In order to improve the tailings problem in the mining process, many enterprises use advanced AI ore sorting machine to enrich the tailings, enhance the grade of ore and reduce the tailings throwing. In order to improve the tailings problem in the mining process, many gold mining companies have adopted dust prevention and environmentally friendly mining methods. For example, in order to manage the adverse effects brought by tailings, all subsidiaries of China Gold Group have hardened or greened the exposed ground of industrial sites, and set up wind and dust suppression nets in the tailings storage and coal pile of the boiler house, equipped with watering trucks, and regularly sprinkled the site road surface, ore transportation road and tailings storage, which effectively reduce dust pollution. Ltd. as a tailing-free metal mine is implementing the filling method of mining, most of the tailing sand is used to fill the underground mining area, and the composition of the remaining tailing sand is tested, combined with the characteristics of tailing sand with high calcium content, small particles, easy to form, and high pressure resistance after drying, and actively cooperates with local cement plants and brick kiln factories, and part of it is supplied to relevant enterprises in proportion to maximize the value of the effective use of mineral resources. . The comprehensive utilization of tailings and waste rocks is another practice of gold mining enterprises to explore tailings management. For example, Zijin Mining Group has always given priority to the comprehensive utilization of tailings and waste rocks by means of underground filling, use as construction materials, vegetation restoration, road paving and recovery of valuable components, etc. The rest is stockpiled in drainage sites or tailing ponds that meet the national standards of the location, and the tailing ponds are impermeable in accordance with the requirements of the local standards to ensure the safety of groundwater quality downstream of the tailing ponds. The Group strictly follows the approved design plan for the operation of re-mining, sand discharge and drainage in the reservoir to ensure the safety of the tailing dam and the original flood discharge facilities, and conducts inspection and facility maintenance management in accordance with the relevant requirements of tailing pond safety management. After all the tailings back mining no longer carry out tailing operations, timely to the safety production supervision and management departments to fulfill the tailing pond cancellation procedures. At the same time, the tailing pond will be closed according to the regulations of tailing pond closure after the reuse production is completed. In addition, Anhui Taiping Mining Co., Ltd, a subsidiary of China Gold Group, also provides tailings sand after physical drying to road construction enterprises as raw materials, opening up a new way of mineral resources development and comprehensive utilization, which not only saves resources, but also provides a broader space for the company to expand the comprehensive utilization of tailings sand. Only by improving the utilization rate of water resources and protecting water resources can we achieve the long-term and stable development of gold mining enterprises. The recycling of water resources has also become a major direction for gold mining enterprises in the management of tailings. In China Gold Group, most of the mining enterprises adopt the tailing slag press filter dry discharge technology, adopt press filter dry discharge for tailing, and recycle water resources, all wastewater is not discharged, and the water recycling rate reaches more than 92%. For example, after the tailing wastewater is clarified and treated, it flows into the return dam under the tailing reservoir and is pumped back to the high level pool of the processing plant for flotation production recycling, and the water in the tailing reservoir is not discharged. In addition, Tong Hui Mining, a subsidiary of Zhajin Mining, has invested more than 6 million yuan to build a tailing wastewater recycling system and an underground mine brine water recycling system, and laid a wastewater recycling and reuse pipeline, so that all the recycled wastewater can be used for production reuse after treatment, which can reduce the amount of new water used for ore dressing by more than 2 million cubic meters per year and realize the efficient recycling of ore dressing wastewater. Zero discharge" and 100% "reuse" of saline water under the mine, ensuring the coordinated development and green development of the production system and the ecosystem. For the tailing sand produced by the beneficiation plant, Tong Hui Mining actively carries out project research and development, using the tailing sand to carry out the paste cement filling project, filling more than 70% of the tailing sand into the underground mining area and the former surface collapse area after thickening, reducing the amount of tailing sand discharge, effectively extending the service life of the tailing pond, and generating good social and ecological benefits. In addition to tailings management in the mining process, gold mining enterprises are also exploring and practicing in pre-mining assessment and post-operation ecological restoration. Before the construction of each project, Zhaogold Mining Co., Ltd. conducts environmental impact assessment in strict accordance with the procedures, analyzes the possible impact on the environment after the project is completed and put into operation, and proposes countermeasures and measures to prevent pollution. At the same time, Zhaogold Mining, in addition to conscientiously fulfilling the procedures of environmental protection acceptance of project completion, carries out comprehensive recycling of the waste left behind in the production process, focuses on strengthening the comprehensive management of mining areas and tailing ponds, and does a good job of mine greening, beautification and ecological environment construction to further improve the environmental situation around the enterprise. In February this year, Serbia's Zijin Copper Boer River comprehensive environmental management project officially dug into the construction. After the completion of the project will enhance the tailings storage and open pit safety operation capacity, improve the ecological environment of the natural water system in the downstream section of the Pol River and Timok (Timok), with good ecological and social benefits. Zijin Por copper mine insists on creating a "garden mine" and vigorously implements greening and reclamation. At present, all tailing ponds, open pit slopes and slopes of some abandoned dumps have been greened, with more than 60,000 seedlings planted and a new greening area of about 350,000 square meters, giving the mine and plant areas a new look. The project has also taken many measures to control dust, solid waste, waste water and waste gas, with remarkable results. In addition, some gold mining enterprises have also built a model combining "industry, academia and research" to promote tailings management. For example, Shandong Gold Group, in view of the common problems such as the high emission of gold tailings and the high disposal cost and safety and environmental protection pressure caused by the residual cyanide in the smelting cyanide slag, has organized relevant enterprises and strong scientific research institutes in China to jointly establish the "Joint Innovation Research Base for Resourceful Utilization of Gold Tailings", with the theme of low-cost resourceful disposal of gold tailings. Low-cost resource utilization disposal is the theme, using AI ore sorting machine ,Mineral separator  , bulk ore sorting system and optical sorting machine to enrich the grade ,reducing the tailing, giving full play to the advantages of internal and external resources, to overcome the key technology of resource utilization of tailings, to build a demonstration project of ecological disposal of tailings, and to solve the problem of "neck" of tailings disposal. The waste stone is widely used for underground filling, tailing reservoir dam building, building stone, etc. The tailing sand is comprehensively used for underground filling, outbound transportation, construction materials, etc. The comprehensive disposal rate of tailing sand is greatly improved. Among them, Xinhui Company and Hainan Shanjin Company took the lead in building a tailing-free mine, realizing comprehensive recycling and turning waste into treasure, and its advanced experience and practices are being promoted and applied in other mines. At the same time to strengthen the whole process of standardized management of hazardous waste, the enterprises belong to the establishment of standardized hazardous waste temporary storage room, the strict implementation of the five-linked list system, to achieve the collection, utilization, temporary storage, transportation, utilization and disposal of hazardous waste for the whole process of standardized management.    

The requirements of different mineral species for drilling! Firstly. Iron, manganese and chromium   1. The core take rate of the prospecting hole (including the rocks within 5 m above and below the top and bottom plates) shall not be less than 80 %. When the core take rate is less than 80 % for 5 m in a row, the reason shall be identified and remedial measures shall be taken. The stratified take rate of the surrounding rock core shall not be less than 65 %.  2. The drilling process used should be able to maintain the original structural characteristics and integrity of the ore and avoid crushing and depletion of the core. The length of drilling rounds and the rate of taking rounds should be strictly controlled in complex vein and multi-vein deposits to prevent ore leakage in drilling. When diamond rope core drilling is used, the diameter of the penetration hole should meet the sampling requirements. 3. Carefully measure the top angle and azimuth of the drill hole, and do a good job of hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and storage of ore and core. The curvature of the drill hole should meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and remedy the deflection of the drill hole in time. The bending degree of drill holes should be measured at the ore site and at the exit point of the ore body with thickness greater than 30 m. If the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of regulations or design, the hole should be resealed.   Secondly, copper, lead, zinc, silver, nickel, molybdenum   The average rate of cores and cores within 3 m-5 m of the ore body and its top and bottom plates shall not be less than 80%, and the continuous length of cores within thick ore bodies with a rate of less than 80% shall not exceed 5 m, otherwise remedial measures shall be taken. The stratified average take rate of the surrounding rock core is generally not less than 65%. The drilling process used should be able to maintain the original structural characteristics and integrity of the ore and avoid crushing and depletion of the core. In complex vein type and multi-vein belt type deposits, the length of drilling rounds and the rate of taking rounds should be strictly controlled to prevent ore leakage in drilling. When diamond drilling process is used, the diameter of the penetration hole should meet the sampling requirements. The air reverse circulation (CSR) drilling process is allowed for dense sampling holes. Carefully measure the top angle and azimuth of the drill hole, and do a good job of hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and core storage. The curvature of the drill hole should meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and remedy the deflection of the drill hole in time. The top angle and azimuth of the drill hole should be measured at the ore site (and the ore body with a thickness of more than 30 m). If the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, the hole should be resealed. Thirdly. Tungsten, tin, mercury, antimony   The average rate of core taking should not be less than 70%. The rate of taking the ore body and its top and bottom plate 3 m-5 m of the surrounding rock, near the ore surrounding rock alteration zone, and the ore control structure mark layer is not less than 80%; if there are two consecutive times (or more than 5 m in the thick ore body) the rate of taking is less than 80%, remedial measures must be taken. The core should be kept intact as far as possible, with special attention to the possible depletion or enrichment artifacts caused by the crushing of the core. For this reason, the length and drilling time of the drilling rounds should be strictly controlled for ore bodies with multiple vein zones and ore bodies controlled by broken zones; when diamond drilling technology is used, the diameter of the penetration holes should meet the sampling requirements. In accordance with the quality requirements of the relevant regulations, the top angle and azimuth of the borehole must be measured carefully, and the work of borehole inclination measurement, hole depth correction, simple hydrogeological observation, original records, hole sealing and core storage must be done. The bending degree of the drill hole must meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and the permissible range of the azimuth deflection of the drill hole cannot exceed one-fifth of the spacing of the exploration line, and the deflection should be remedied in time. When the quality of sealing holes does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, it is necessary to rework and reseal. Fourthly, Rock gold            Ore core and 3 m-5 m of the surrounding rock should be taken ≥ 80%. The top angle and azimuth should be measured and the hole depth should be measured when entering and leaving the ore body. Other engineering quality in accordance with the "Core Drilling Regulations".   Fifthly. Bauxite, metallurgical magnesite   Core drilling is used to explore the deep ore body and geological structure. Its engineering quality according to the "Core Drilling Regulations" implementation. The ore body and its top and bottom plate (including refractory clay, iron ore and other co-generated minerals) within 5 m of the core, core take rate shall not be less than 80%. When drilling in the ore layer, the return feed is generally not more than 1 m. If the take rate is less than 80% for two consecutive returns, remedial measures should be taken immediately. The stratification rate of rock layers shall not be less than 65%. During the drilling process, the top angle and orientation must be accurately determined according to the provisions of the "Core Drilling Regulations". At the same time, simple hydrological observation, hole depth correction, original records and rock (mineral) core storage should be done. After the drilling is completed, the hole should be sealed according to the geological design requirements, and the hole mark should be buried. When the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, it is necessary to rework and reseal. Sixthly, Rare metals   The average rate of core and rock core taken within 3 m-5 m of the ore body and its top and bottom plates is not less than 80%, and the cumulative footage of core taken within the thick ore body with a rate lower than 80% shall not exceed 5 m. The rate of rock core taken shall not be less than 65%. If the rock core does not meet the above requirements or the core selectively wears out seriously, remedial measures are required. The rock and ore cores are required to be kept in storage, coded, arranged in an orderly manner and properly stored.2. The drilling process used should be able to maintain the original structural characteristics and integrity of the ore and avoid crushing and depleting the cores. In compound vein type and multi-vein belt type deposits, the drilling return feed and return take rate should be strictly controlled to prevent ore leakage in drilling. When diamond drilling process is used, the diameter of the penetration hole should meet the sampling requirements. Carefully measure the top angle and azimuth of the drill hole, and do a good job of hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and core storage. The curvature of the drill hole should meet the requirements of the regulations and geological design, and remedy the deflection of the drill hole in time. The bending degree of the drill hole should be measured at the ore site (and the ore body thickness greater than 30 m). If the quality of hole sealing does not meet the requirements of the regulations or design, the hole should be resealed. When nail-in semi-combined pipe drilling is used to survey weathered crust deposits, the average rate of cores taken shall not be less than 85%, and 3%-5% of the holes shall be used for quality inspection by shallow wells. The number of survey holes in the mine area less than 50, check the number of shallow wells should not be less than 5. Seventhly. Rare earth ore   Rare earth endogenous deposits and the top and bottom plate of the 5 m range of rocks and sign layer shall not be less than the requirements of the regulations to take the core rate (generally the average take rate of not less than 80%) or the requirements of the survey design. Thick ore body inside the core take rate, below the above requirements shall not exceed 5 m continuously, beyond 5 m, remedial measures should be taken immediately, otherwise the project will not be accepted and should be scrapped. Drill hole in and out of the ore body should measure the top angle, orientation, measurement of hole depth. Drill hole actual out of the mine point deviation from the design out of the vertical exploration line distance, should depend on the specific circumstances of the deposit. Drill holes should generally be logged. The cores of rock and ore should be protected, coded, arranged in an orderly manner and properly preserved. For weathering shell ion adsorption type deposits, a small number of holes can be used to understand the relationship between the composition of bedrock material and the deposit, no flushing solution should be used, the original structure of the ore and the integrity of the core should be maintained. Eighthly, kaolin, bentonite, refractory clay   Ore core take rate and the top and bottom of the 3m-5m above and below the ore layer core take rate shall not be less than 80%, the general core take rate shall not be less than 70%. For the larger thickness of the ore body, the core take rate requires continuous 5 m-10 m section average take rate of not less than 80%, stratified core take rate of not less than 70%. Drill hole penetration diameter to meet the requirements of various sample testing shall prevail. Underground mining construction holes must be strictly sealed, the quality of sealed holes should be taken 10%-20% of random sampling perforation inspection, the pass rate required to reach 100%. For the use of mud (bentonite ore can not add alkali) when drilling, the core of the mine to take samples must be stripped of mud skin. Drilling project quality requirements should be implemented "Core Drilling Regulations" provisions. Ninthly, metallurgy, chemical limestone and dolomite, cement raw materials   Drill hole core take rate calculated by 8 m continuous, the average should not be less than 80%, the ore body of the sandwich stone, from the top and bottom of the ore body 3 m-5 m of the surrounding rock to take rate requirements with the ore body. Other cores should be taken at a rate of not less than 70% in general. For open pit mines with depressions below the water table, the holes should be sealed according to the relevant regulations and design requirements. Drilling quality requirements in accordance with the relevant regulations, regulations. Tenthly, barite, toxic heavy stone, fluorite, boron ore   Drilling project should pay attention to improve the rock (mine) core take rate, the core take rate of not less than 65%, the core and ore body top, bottom plate (3 m-5 m range) take rate should be greater than 75%. Fluorite ore penetration hole diameter shall not be less than 56 mm. In the drilling construction, the zenith angle and azimuth angle of the drill hole should be carefully measured, and the hole depth correction, original records, simple hydrological observation, hole sealing and core storage should be done. If the hole deflection and sealing quality do not meet the requirements of the regulations and design, remedial measures should be taken in time. Drilling works should be carried out in accordance with the "Core Drilling Regulations".   Eleventhly, glass silica raw materials, decorative stone, graphite, gypsum, asbestos, wollastonite, talc   Glass silica raw material rock type ore, decorative stone ore, gypsum ore, wollastonite ore, talc ore, graphite ore drill core take rate of not less than 70%, the core (including ore, mineralized inclusions, near the mine 3 m surrounding rock and important marker layer) take rate of not less than 80%, calculate the average take rate of stratification, the thickness of the large ore body, according to the average take rate of 5 m-8 m continuous calculation, drilling Pay attention to keep the core intact during drilling. The stratified take rate of glassy-siliceous raw material sand ore layer is generally not less than 80% and not more than 130%, avoiding sand gushing during drilling. The core take rate of chrysotile mine top and bottom slab surrounding rocks should not be less than 75%, other core take rate should not be less than 70%, the core take rate should not be less than 90%, selective abrasion and disturbance of asbestos fiber should be prevented during drilling, and strive to keep the core intact and clean. Other quality requirements for drilling works follow the provisions of the "Core Drilling Regulations" promulgated by the Ministry of Geology and Minerals in 1982. Note: This article is from the internet, Intercontinental Mining  

Distribution of metal mines in China (mineral resources profile)   Distribution of Metal Minerals in China (Overview of Mineral Resources in China)   China's minerals - metal minerals China's proven reserves of 54 metal minerals, respectively: iron ore, manganese ore, chromite, titanium ore, vanadium ore, copper ore, lead ore, zinc ore, bauxite, magnesium ore, nickel ore, cobalt ore, tungsten ore, tin ore, bismuth ore, molybdenum ore, mercury ore, antimony ore, platinum group metals (platinum ore, palladium ore, iridium ore, rhodium ore, arsenic ore), the distribution of major metal minerals are briefly described below.   Iron Ore:There are 1,834 proven iron ore mining areas in China. Large and super-large iron ore areas mainly include Liaoning Anshan-Benxi iron ore, Jidong-Beijing iron ore, Hebei Handan-Xingtai iron ore, Shanxi Lingqiu Ping-type Guan iron ore, Shanxi Wutai-Lanxian iron ore, Inner Mongolia Baotou-Baiyun Ebo iron rust rare earth ore, Shandong Luzhong iron ore, Ningwu-Luzhong iron ore, Anhui Huoqiu iron ore, Hubei Edong iron ore, Jiangxi Xinyu-Jian iron ore, Fujian Minnan iron ore and Hainan Shiluo iron ore. Sichuan Panzhihua-Xichang Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite, Yunnan Yunnan Central Railway Mining Area, Yunnan Damenglong Iron Ore, Shaanxi Loyang Yudongzi Iron Ore, Gansu Hongshan Iron Ore, Gansu Mirror Iron Mountain Iron Ore, Xinjiang Hami Tianhu Iron Ore, etc.   Manganese ore:There are 213 proven manganese ore areas in China, including:Liaoning Wajia manganese ore; Fujian Liancheng manganese ore; Hunan Xiangtan, Minle, Manaoshan, Xiangtan Taoyuan manganese ore; Guangdong has Daixiao, Xinchun manganese ore; Guangxi Bayi, Xialei, Lipu manganese ore; Gao Yan and Jia Ding Shan manganese ore; Guizhou Zunyi manganese ore.   Chromite:There are 56 provenances, mainly Saltohai in Xinjiang, Lobosha in Tibet, Hegenshan in Inner Mongolia, and Gill in Gansu Avenue.   Copper ore:910 proven mining areas, mainly in Heilongjiang Dobao Mountain; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Getu Mountain and Huoge Qi, Jinta; Liaoning Red Turbine; copper ore concentration in Tongling, Anhui Province; Jiangxi Dexing, Chengmen Mountain, Wushan, level; Hubei Daye - Yiyang new copper ore concentration; Guangdong Shiguo; Shanxi Province, Zhongtiao Mountain area; Yunnan Dongchuan, Yimeng, Dahongshan; Yulong Tibet Autonomous Region, Marathon Duo, Yun Duo, Song Duo; Xinjiang Asher and other copper mines.   Bauxite ore:310 origins, mainly in Shanxi's Ke'er, Shi Gong, Wangxiang, Xihedi, Taihu Shi, Guozha Liang - Leijiasui, Kuan Lawn; Henan's Cao Yao, Ma Hang Gou, Jia Gou, Shi Si, Zhu Lin Gou, Jia Gou, Zhijian; Shandong Zibo; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Pingguo Nadu; Guizhou Province Zunyi (Tuanxi), Dai Lin, Xiaoshanba and other bauxite mining areas.   Lead-zinc ore: more than 700 origins, mainly Xilin in Heilongjiang Province; Red Turbine Mountain and Qingchengzi in Liaoning Province; Caijiayingzi in Hebei Province; Baiyinuo, Dongshengji, Jiashengpan and Tangyokou in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Xicheng (factory dam) in Gansu Province; Qiandongnan Prefecture in Shaanxi Province; Xitie Mountain in Qinghai Province; Shuikoushan and Huangshaping in Hunan Province; Fankou in Guangdong Province; 5 departments in Zhejiang Province; Lingshikeng in Jiangxi Province; Jiangsu Province Qixia Mountain; Dafang in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Lanping, Huize and Dulong in Yunnan Province; Daliangzi and Xiaocun lead-zinc mines in Sichuan Province.   Nickel ore:There are nearly one hundred sources. The main ones are Hongqi Ling and Chibaisong in Jilin Province; Jinchuan in Gansu; Kharatunk and Huangshan in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Lingshuijing and Yangping in Sichuan Province; Baimazhai and Mojiang nickel mines in Yunnan Province.   Molybdenum ore:222 origins, mainly in Jilin Daheishan; Liaoning Yangjiajianzi and Lanjiagou; Jindui City, Shaanxi Province; Luanchuan, Henan Province and other molybdenum ore.   Tungsten deposits:252 proven origins, mainly in Jiangxi Province, Xihuashan, bleaching pond, Dajishan, Pangu Mountain, Huamei Pass, Hukeng, Lower Tongling, Seven Sisters Mountain; Fujian Province, Hang Luokeng; Hunan Province, Kakizhuyuan, Xintianling, Yaogang Xian; see the Guangdong Province, the plate pit and Lotus Mountain; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Daming Mountain and coral; Gansu Province, such as tungsten ore Tadoguer.   Tin ore:293 proven origins, mainly in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Dazhang, Coral, Shuiyanba; Yunnan Dongchuan; Hunan Xianghua Ling, Hongqi Ling, Noge Tail and other tin ore.   Mercury and antimony ore: there are 103 proven sources of mercury and 111 sources of antimony. The main ones are Wanshan, Buchuan, Danzhai and Tongren in Guizhou; mercury mines such as Xinfeng, Hunan Tin Mine and Panxi in Hunan; Dafang in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; antimony mines such as Yawan in Gansu. Shaanxi Xunyang mercury antimony mine.   Gold ore: 1,265 proven mining areas, including Ulaga, Daanhe, Lao Zhushan, Huma, etc. in Heilongjiang Province; Hunchun, Jilin Province, folder Pigou; Wulong, Liaoning Province; Qianxi, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou; Shandong Linglong, Jiaojia, Xincheng, Sanjiadao, Yingezhuang; Wenyu, Tonggu, Jinqu, Qinling, Shangong in Henan Province; Guangdong Hetai; Xiangxi, Hunan Province; Mojiang, Yunnan Province; Northeast Zhai, Sichuan Province; Banma, Qinghai; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Axi, Hami and other gold mines.   Silver ore:569 proven origins, mainly in Shaanxi Province, Silver Cave; Broken Hill in Henan Province; Silver Cave Gou and Baigoyuan in Hubei Province; Arsenic Village in Sichuan Province; Guixi in Jiangxi Province; Shanmen in Jilin Province; Pangxi Cave in Guangdong Province and other silver mines.   Rare earths and rare metals:Mainly located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Baiyun Ebo, 801), Shandong Province (Weishan), Jiangxi Province (Gannan, Yichun), Guangdong Province (Guangdong Province), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Fuyun), etc.   Note: This article is from Carbon Sink Environmental Technology

Mobile, semi-mobile, semi-fixed, fixed 4 types of crushing plant detailed introduction and comparison of advantages and disadvantages   The production of open pit mine is inseparable from the crushing equipment, the use of suitable crushing station can effectively reduce the particle size of ore transport and improve the production efficiency. According to the degree of fixation of the crushing plant and the foundation, the surface crushing plant is divided into: mobile, semi-mobile, semi-fixed and fixed. This article analyzes and compares the classification of these 4 types of crushing plants and their advantages and disadvantages, hoping to bring you some help in choosing.   01 Mobile Crushing Plant   Generally, it integrates feeding, crushing and conveying, and it adopts crawler type or tire type (also step type), which can adjust its position at any time with the movement of the working surface in the quarry.   Advantages: replacing dump trucks, reducing procurement costs; reducing transportation costs by 50% to 70%; reducing spare parts costs; reducing labor costs; reducing quarry road maintenance; both safety and environmental protection features. Because it is a trinity of equipment and the continuous transport equipment connected to it is a belt conveyor, the crawler type mobile crushing plant is more suitable for large open pit mines and is suitable for large-scale and continuous mining process.   Disadvantages: The equipment is complex, expensive and the one-time investment is too large for the mine to afford.   02 Semi-mobile Crushing Plant   The semi-mobile crushing plant, also known as modular unit or sled unit, is placed on a suitable working level in the open pit, and the crushing unit is transported as a whole (or split) by a crawler or other traction (pulling) equipment as the working platform is advanced and extended.   A modular unit consists of three major parts: one is crushing, screening or feeder equipment; the other is non-standard design and fabrication parts such as steel structure support, hopper, buffer bin, etc.; the third is standardized design and fabrication parts such as steel grating platform, inclined body, handrail railing, etc.   The most typical feature of semi-mobile crushing plant is that it is connected to the ground without concrete foundation, and its service life varies from several months to several years, and its one migration time usually does not exceed 48h.   The difference between semi-mobile crushing plant and mobile crushing plant is not only the relocation time, but also a more important feature is the part of equipment arrangement. Semi-mobile crushing plant is usually arranged on the working gang of the quarry, and the ore rock transportation distance is less than 3km, when the quarry steps extend beyond the reasonable transportation distance and climbing height of the car, then the next relocation will be carried out.   Advantages: It has the advantages of being mobile and overcomes the disadvantages of semi-fixed building station and long shifting time::   a. Overall design and supply: The host equipment, steel structure non-standard parts and standard parts such as aisle escalators are designed and supplied as a whole set, which saves time and effort for the owner and makes the construction and installation fast and efficient.   b. Short construction period: It can be manufactured and pre-assembled in the factory, and then split and shipped to the project site for quick assembly after troubleshooting the installation, and each component is connected by bolts, almost no on-site welding is needed, which is conducive to fast construction and production.   c. More reasonable investment: less civil construction work, no concrete construction above ground, low labor intensity, higher proportion of investment in equipment and steel structure to total investment, and steel structure still has high residual value after a certain number of years.   d. With the ability of mobile transfer, it can be split and transferred to another location to be installed and used again, but the frequency of transfer should not be too high.   03 Semi-fixed crushing plant   Semi-fixed crushing plant is a transitional way to develop semi-mobile crushing plant to fixed crushing plant. From the connection with the ground, the crusher frame has a solid connection with the ground (anchor pile connection can be used for bedrock parts, and reinforced concrete foundation can be used for loose square area), and from the location of deployment, it should be fixed on the fixed gang of the quarry generally, so as to reduce the frequency of shifting and improve the use cycle as much as possible, especially for rock This is especially important for rock crushing and transportation.   When the semi-fixed crushing plant is moved, only the equipment body with bolted foundation can be disassembled and moved for reuse, while the foundation buried below the surface is discarded.   Advantages: The semi-fixed crushing plant has a strong foundation, so it can be large in size, suitable for mines with large capacity and long service life.   Disadvantages: It is necessary to build a fixed foundation, the construction period is long, the amount of shifting work is large, the shifting operation time is long, and the civil construction cost is high.   04 Fixed Crushing Plant Fixed crushing station is usually arranged outside the boundary of the quarry, or set up inside the quarry and the joint arrangement of the shaft, not affected by the extension of the depth of the quarry steps, and the ground has a permanent fixed foundation connection, after the completion of permanent use, do not move set. Its feeding method has diversity, can be directly unloaded into the car, can also be set up buffer bin by the release device to give people, fixed crushing plant is generally in the crushing plant of the mineral processing plant, and the mine with the life.   Disadvantages: Its biggest disadvantage is that the ore transport distance is long, the transportation cost is large, and it is not suitable for reasonable adjustment.   05 Comprehensive analysis   (1)The mobile crushing plant is self-driven in terms of its own walking ability, and the typical walking methods are tire type, crawler type and step type; in terms of the deployment position, it is generally located at the operating surface of the quarry and has to move flexibly with the advancement of the mining face.   (2) Semi-mobile crushing plant, which does not have its own walking function and needs to be transported as a whole or in parts with the help of special shifting tools and does not need to be connected to the ground. The sled type crushing plant is also included in this category. From the deployment position, to be arranged in the work gang or non-work gang, with the steps down, the car distance increases, and migrate to the appropriate location below.   (3) Semi-fixed crushing plant has obvious connection with the ground, the crusher needs to be installed on an effective concrete foundation or steel structure, and in terms of layout part, to be placed on the fixed gang, of course, there are some examples, because of the topographic and geological conditions, the need to build a more solid foundation on the working gang to place the crusher, also classified in the semi-fixed crushing plant.   (4) Fixed crushing station is the least controversial in terms of classification, with a solid foundation, used for a long time outside the quarry, with a more solid transport distance, and should not be adjusted.   Source: Construction Machinery Viewpoint

What is the difference between river sand, mechanism sand, washed sand, recycled aggregate, and tailings sand? Sand is an integral part of concrete, generally known as fine aggregate, refers to rock particles with a particle size of less than 5mm, and can generally be divided into two categories: natural sand and artificial sand.   Currently common sand are:   (1) mechanism sand; (2) river sand (generally used for key projects designated sand, due to the high price of small amount of ordinary concrete is generally not used); (3) stone chips powder (production of crushed stone by-products, particle distribution is more than the middle of the two ends of the middle is less, fracture gradation, flake particles more powder); (4) river sand (fine sand, fineness modulus of 1.6 or less, the minimum of 0.5); (5) washed sand (including sand, sand, sand of ancient river terraces, etc.); (6) sea sand ( ); (6) sea sand (mostly not desalinated, some people in the river sand mixed with 20% to 50% mixed secretly sold); (7) weathered sand (including weathered sand and sand from claystone, mud shale, muddy sandstone, marl, muddy slate and full weathering of various rocks, etc., the sand made of this rock is low in strength and solidity, weak particles, in the concrete does not play a role of the skeleton, and high water demand, adsorption, etc.). (And large water demand, adsorption); (8) mud sand (including the cleaning of unclean silt sand, etc., the highest mud content of 20% or more); (9) steel slag sand (the existence of poor stability); (10) solid waste processing sand [including construction waste, waste lime field residue (including discarded over-burning under-burned lime blocks, etc.) sand] and so on.   River sand, mechanism sand, washed sand, recycled aggregate, tailings sand, etc. as concrete sand where the difference? What are the advantages and disadvantages?   River sand   River sand is a natural stone in the natural state, by the force of water for a long time repeated impact, friction, its composition is more complex, the surface has a certain smoothness, impurity content of non-metallic minerals. River sand particles are round and smooth, relatively clean, and from a wide range of sources. Uses: river sand is cement standard sand, mostly used in construction, concrete, cementitious materials, road building materials, artificial marble, cement physical properties test materials (i.e. cement standard sand) and so on. Configuration of the concrete mix slurry rich, full and dense, good fluidity.   Mechanized sand   Mechanism sand refers to the rock particles with particle size less than 4.75mm after crushing by machinery. The finished product is more regular, and can be processed into different rules and sizes of sand according to different process requirements, which has the strongest slurry bonding in concrete and better meets daily needs.   Washed Sand   Washed sand: refers to the sand in the river or the sand on the old riverbed is classified through water washing to separate various grades of sand of various specifications. Because washed sand is dug directly from the river, it will be mixed with small pebbles and fine sand, which are subjected to long-term scouring by the river and have more rounded edges.   （Recycled Aggregate (Construction Waste)   Simply crushed construction waste recycled aggregate has many edges, rough surface, and contains hardened cement mortar in the components, coupled with a large number of micro-cracks inside the concrete block due to the accumulation of damages during the crushing process, resulting in the construction waste recycled aggregate's own high porosity, high water absorption, high stacking void rate, high crushing index values, and low stacking density, which makes it impossible to utilize it on a large scale.   Sea sand   After desalination treatment, sea sand with controlled chloride ion content of no more than 0.02% can be used in engineering.   Waste slag and tailings sand production   At present, there are steel slag sand and quicklime granule sand in use in the market, etc. The disadvantages of these two kinds of sand are such as poor volumetric stability or high content of heavy metal ions, high cost of post-treatment and high quality risk.   Source: Huazhong Inspection Consulting

A few changes in the direction of our mining policy! The policy direction of mining development depends mainly on two aspects: on the one hand, mineral resources are the important material basis for national economic construction and social development, and the main source of energy (power) and industrial raw materials for human beings. Therefore, the mining industry is an indispensable basic industry for human beings.     At present, China is still in the middle and late stages of industrialization, which is the stage of greater demand for mineral resources. On the other hand, as the people's living standard rises, their demand for better quality of life becomes higher and higher.     The construction of ecological civilization is related to the well-being of the people, the improvement of their quality of life, and the bright prospects for the future of the nation. Therefore, the excellent mining policy must run through such a main line: on the one hand, it should provide reliable resource guarantee for economic and social development, and ensure national resource and energy security; on the other hand, it should satisfy the people's demand for quality of life, especially environmental protection, and it must realize the green development of the mining industry and adapt to the carrying capacity of the ecological and environmental systems through the advanced concepts, correct policy orientation and advanced technological means, and achieve the goal of sustainable development. to achieve the goal of sustainable development. This is the sacred mission and foundation of the mining industry.     From the development trend in recent years, China's policy orientation of the mining industry is presenting changes in the following aspects.   Policy direction of mineral resources management The revision of the Mineral Resources Law has been initiated. Revised and improved more than ten administrative regulations and departmental rules on geology and mineral management.     In accordance with the Decision on the Cancellation of a Batch of Administrative Permit Matters issued by the State Council on September 22, 2017, the former Ministry of Land and Resources has increased its efforts to simplify and decentralize government, combine management and optimize service reforms in the field of geology and mining, and comprehensively canceled non-administrative permit matters. The cancellation and decentralization of government administrative approvals amounted to 56%.     In the future, the main mining management functions of the natural resources departments will be shifted to "formulating industry standards and norms, strengthening supervision during and after the incident, punishing illegal acts, and maintaining market order".     Reform of the mineral resources royalty system. A new type of mineral resources royalty system has been established, consisting of proceeds from the granting of mining rights, occupancy fees for mining rights, and a fund for the treatment and restoration of the geological environment in mines.     In six provinces (autonomous regions), the Ministry deployed pilot projects for reforming the system for granting mining rights, and explored the implementation of competitive granting of mining rights.     On May 5, the Ministry of Natural Resources issued a notice stating that in order to further promote the structural reform of the coal supply side, eliminate backward production capacity, release high-quality production capacity, improve the structure of coal supply, and maintain a dynamic balance between supply and demand in the market, the "Opinions of the Ministry of Land and Resources on Supporting Iron, Steel and Coal Industries in Achieving Difficulty Relief and Development by Dismantling Overcapacities" stipulates that the approval of the scope of mining areas for coal will stop within three years starting from 2016 and will not be approved by the Ministry of Land and Resources.  Changes in policies on geological exploration Prior to 2013, the State encouraged geological exploration units to "go out" through risk exploration grants, but in 2013 it announced that it would stop the declaration of overseas projects.      The boundary between the market and the government has been clearly defined, and the government has withdrawn from the commercial geology field. Geological exploration work funded by the central government will further focus on public interest, basic geological surveys and strategic mineral exploration. Local financial resources will also focus on basic and public welfare geological surveys, and the investment in mineral exploration may be further reduced. After the reform of the classification of public institutions, public welfare geological work will be mainly undertaken by the first class of public welfare units, and most of the second class of public welfare and the geosurveying units that have been transferred to enterprises can only engage in commercial geological work. In a sense, this subverts the survival and development mode of previous geological exploration units.      Formal abolition of the qualification of geological exploration. According to the arrangements in the State Council's Negative List for Market Access and the Reform Program for the Mining Rights Granting System, starting from 2018, there will no longer be any qualification requirements for the exploration of any other types of minerals, except for shale gas, oil and gas, rare earths and tungsten mines.      The competent departments of land and resources at all levels will no longer accept applications and carry out approval work for the new establishment, continuation, change and replacement of geological exploration qualifications, nor shall they engage in approval in disguise by transferring them to subordinate institutions and associations for continued approval. This means that as long as your company has the information and technology, you can apply for the first way to obtain the first type of prospecting rights that risk exploration. Increasing environmental requirements for mineral exploration and extraction The Ministry of Ecology and Environment has newly promulgated the "Measures for Soil Environment Management of Industrial and Mining Land (for Trial Implementation)", which came into effect on August 1st. The Measures stipulate that industrial and mining enterprises are responsible for environmental protection of soil and groundwater on industrial and mining land, and enterprises causing soil and groundwater pollution on industrial and mining land should take the main responsibility for treatment and remediation. For pollution prevention and control, the key units of new, altered, expanded   After the 18th National Congress, the State has increased its efforts to transform the mode of development, strengthen the construction of nature reserves and the establishment of the national park system, which has put forward clear requirements for the transformation and upgrading of geological exploration work, and the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in these areas have been suppressed.     In 2016, the State Council added 240 counties to the national key ecological functional zones, increasing the total number of national key ecological functional zones to 676 county-level administrative districts. from 2013 to 2017, the State Council added 100 new national nature reserves, increasing the total number to 463. the State Council has also established the National Nature Reserve System, which is the first national nature reserve in China.     The Supreme People's Court issued judicial interpretations to strengthen the legal constraints on mineral resources exploration and exploitation activities in nature reserves, scenic spots, key ecological functional zones, sensitive and fragile ecological environment zones, and other areas.     In 2017, more and more provinces, such as Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Hunan, issued documents to steadily push forward the clearance of mining rights in nature reserves; the former Ministry of Land and Resources issued a document to start the cleanup of mining rights in various types of protected areas. The space for mineral exploration and mining is decreasing, the environmental cost of mineral exploration and mining is increasing, and the environmental constraints on mineral exploration and mining are increasing. Adopting "real money" incentive policies for green mine construction In March 2017, the former Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and other six departments jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Green Mines", which provides incentives and measures in four areas, including land use, mine use, finance, and finance.     These include: preferential arrangement of green mines for mineral mining indicators; for mining land, after the construction land use procedures in accordance with the law, can take the form of agreement to let, lease or rent before letting; eligible mines can be reduced by 15% tax rate for corporate income tax, etc..     For green mines to meet the standards, will establish a "red list", into the enterprise credit system, enjoy the corresponding incentives. The former Ministry of Land and Resources, in conjunction with relevant departments, will assess the progress and effectiveness of annual green mine construction in each province (autonomous regions and municipalities), and link the progress of green mine construction to the annual land planning targets. Adoption of differentiated mining land use policies --In 2005, the former Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) approved the pilot reform of the mining land use method for the Pingguo Bauxite Mine in Guangxi, and in 2009, the former MLR conducted a stage-by-stage acceptance of the pilot reform of the mining land use method for the Pingguo Bauxite Mine in Guangxi, and in 2011, the former MLR expanded the pilot mining land use method and approved the pilot mining land use method for the Phosphate Mine in Yunnan, the Coal Mine in Shanxi, and the Ordos Mine in Inner Mongolia. Coal and four other pilot areas in Inner Mongolia, including Erdos and Liaoning.     In July 2016, the former Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR), together with four ministries and commissions, issued the "Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Restoration and Comprehensive Management of the Mining Geological Environment", which involves the reform of the management of mining land has been reflected.      The Opinions clearly stated that land use policies should be improved, and differentiated and targeted land use policies should be established according to different types of mines and development methods.     Through a series of exploration and practice, China's mining land problems can be gradually clarified, the relevant policies can be adjusted and improved.     Regarding the pilot policy of saving and intensive use of mining temporary land, the former Ministry of Land and Resources said that shallow surface open-pit mines, done within five years, according to the pilot go, not done go through the normal reporting and approval procedures, the nature of the pilot period, the use of the land does not change, not as illegal land use. At the same time, it is necessary to follow the tripartite consent policy, that is, the local county government, residents and mining enterprises are in favor.     On the characteristics and direction of the mining land policy, the former Ministry of Land and Resources, the relevant departments and bureaus have said in an interview with reporters, mining enterprises should figure out the landing point of the policy, understanding, grasp and use the existing policy. The characteristics and direction of mining land policy in recent years include six aspects.     First, the land supply policy and national industrial policy, national development planning is closely linked, in recent years and the national supply-side reform "three to a complement a drop", that is, to go to production capacity, inventory, lever, cost reduction, fill short boards of the five tasks of the general direction of consistency, the state encourages the type of industry, the supply of land is naturally relatively loose.    Secondly, land supply indicators and supply standards are different for each industry, such as increasing the approval of land for clean energy.       Thirdly, the rights to land supply methods (allocation, transfer and leasing) rest with the local government where the enterprise is located, with different rights for different land supply methods (e.g., leasing cannot be financed).     Fourthly, in terms of the number of years of land supply, it is stipulated that the granting of land shall not exceed 50 years, and enterprises need to carry out detailed calculations according to their own development plans and cost-bearing capacity in order to determine the reasonable amount of land to be acquired.     Fifth, there is a minimum standard for land price, such as the land price in the western region is 70% of the minimum price standard.     Sixth, for obtaining temporary land, do not find another way (such as pulling strings), but to grasp and use the existing policy.     For a period of time, there are more regulations involving mine land reclamation and mine geo-environmental restoration and management, involving many departments such as land, environmental protection, forestry, water conservancy, etc. There are overlapping places in the regulations, and some of the same contents are even contradictory and fights in different regulations.     After the reorganization of the Ministry of Natural Resources, it is expected that the Land Reclamation Program and the Mining Geological Environment Restoration and Governance Program will be merged into one, and the new regulations will comply with the spirit of simplifying administration and decentralization without reducing the relevant principles, so that the land remediation fees paid by enterprises can be withdrawn and used for the corresponding restoration and governance. Sound resource development revenue distribution mechanism Pursue the core values of inclusion, sharing and harmony in mining development. Relevant parties are implementing a project to benefit the people by improving the mechanism for distributing the proceeds from resource development, further tilting it in favor of the places of origin, and exploring the reform of resource proceeds in impoverished areas to compensate the indigenous residents.     At the same time, they are advocating the fulfillment of social responsibility by enterprises, the establishment of harmonious mining areas, the construction of a mechanism for sharing the interests of mines and the people in the mining areas, and the encouragement of mining enterprises to invest in local social welfare undertakings, so as to increase the sense of gain of the local people. Accelerate the institutional construction of international cooperation in the mining industry Further promoting cooperation and exchanges and deepening international cooperation in mineral exploration and development require transparent and stable mining policies. Relevant departments are formulating or improving policies and regulations to encourage foreign investment in China's mining industry, actively implementing pilot free trade zones and relevant bilateral and multilateral free trade arrangements, exploring the establishment of a pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management system, relaxing investment areas and simplifying investment procedures, so as to create a favorable environment for foreign investment in the mining industry.     At the same time, the relevant departments are strengthening exchanges and docking with other countries on management policies, technical standards and industry norms in the mining sector, with a view to eliminating the phenomenon of "glass doors" that exist to varying degrees in the market for mining rights, investment and financing in the mining sector, trade in mining products, environmental access and employment, opposing trade protectionism and reducing systemic costs, and promoting the liberalization and facilitation of investment in the mining sector. Oppose trade protectionism, reduce systemic costs, promote the liberalization and facilitation of mining investment, and provide institutional safeguards for international cooperation in the mining industry.    It needs to be pointed out that, at present, China's mining industry is, on the whole, large but not strong, and at the same time, the long-accumulated rigidity of the institutional mechanism of the mining industry, the tightening of resource constraints, the prominence of ecological problems, the increase in people's livelihoods, and other contradictions and problems are becoming more and more pronounced, and the traditional mode of development has become unsustainable.     In the economic development into a new normal, the central government has incorporated the construction of ecological civilization into the overall layout of the "five-in-one", and put forward the construction of "beautiful China" and the development concept of "innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing". "Under the background of the development concept, we should seize the favorable opportunity to promote the supply-side structural reform, grasp the changes in our mining policy, promote industrial transformation and upgrading, promote the construction of green mines, and realize the fundamental transformation of the development mode of the mining industry.     At the same time, we should grasp the new changes and trends in the development of the mining industry, and promote China's mining industry to realize the medium-high speed growth to the medium-high level, to form a new competitive advantage, and to change from a large mining country to a strong mining country. -------------------------------------    Note: This article is from Mining World            

What are the mainstream operation methods for mine rehabilitation?   Mining development accompanies the whole process of human civilization, social progress, and scientific and technological development, and is a basic industry of the country. When the development of mineral resources enters the decline period, mines will face closure, ushering in the final stage of mining engineering services. The decline and closure of a mine may be due to resource depletion, unsatisfactory economic benefits, technical difficulties, unsecured mining and production safety, and government policy orientation. In the past, China has adopted the model of closing first and then managing the mines facing closure, and certain problems have arisen as a result. This model, has gradually can not adapt to the needs of social development.     (The restored Zhalainuoer open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia in 2020)   In 2007, China put forward the initiative of "developing green mining" at the International Mining Conference; in 2009, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) jointly issued the "National Mineral Resources Plan (2008-2015)", which explicitly put forward the requirement of developing green mining; in 2010, the MLR issued the "National Mineral Resources Plan (2008-2015)", which was a joint effort of the NDRC and the MLR to implement the National Mineral Resources Plan. Ministry of Land and Resources on the implementation of the national mineral resources planning development of green mining construction of green mines work guidance", accompanied by the "basic conditions of the national green mines", clearly put forward the "mining, reclamation", the mine suppression, damage and reclamation of land should be fully restored, but also put forward the development of mine It also proposes the formulation of mine environmental protection and governance and restoration programs, with clear objectives and appropriate measures. These few things, laid the foundation of China's mine restoration business.     (In 2018, Huayuan County, Hunan Province, has re-greened the land cover of Unity Mine, with initial success)   Outside of China, land reclamation, ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction of mines have been emphasized by various countries. After years of research and practice, a lot of restoration experience has been accumulated worldwide that can be drawn upon, and it is well worthwhile for China to study and learn from. According to different functions and characteristics, there are seven main modes of mine restoration, including ecological restoration, utilization of museum resources, tourism development, reclamation of land, diversion of water to create lakes, waste treatment plants and storage.    01. Ecological restoration category    From the perspective of ecology, mines are complex ecosystems composed of subsystems such as resources, environment, economy and society. Mining ecological problems almost go hand in hand with mining development, especially with the rapid development of the economy, years of uncontrolled mining will inevitably cause some damage to the environment, resulting into soil stripping, rock debris and low-grade ore accumulation formation, empty mining area and subsidence area formation, tailings accumulation formation, the impact of mining and can not be utilized for the development of the land and other issues, so that its ecological environment is seriously deviated from the natural state.     (Ecological restoration is a very complex project, according to local conditions, to select the most appropriate restoration method line)   Therefore, mine ecological restoration is mainly to accelerate the process of ecological succession by eliminating disturbances and accelerating the changes of biological components, so that the degraded ecosystem can be restored to a certain ideal state. In this process, people not only need to use plants, soil microorganisms and soil animals to help improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, but also according to the planning, selecting appropriate and vegetation species for ecological restoration. In this process, measures to stabilize slopes, such as removing dangerous rocks, lowering slopes and cutting slopes, and constituting cliffs that have not formed steps into horizontal steps as much as possible, are very important.   Of course, it is very difficult for a mine to be completely or basically restored to its original state before development. However, ecological restoration can help mines form new vegetation or ecosystems. Among them, restoration to grassland, forest or farmland is more common.    02. Utilization of Museum Resources    The use of museum resources refers to the excavation, collation and study of the history of the development and construction of mines around the world, the protection and scientific use of mining relics and geological relics, mine environmental protection and restoration of governance, and the exploration of the road of sustainable development of resource-exhausted mines. IMG_259 (Anhui Huaibei National Mining Park)   Anhui Huaibei National Mining Park belongs to this category. Huaibei National Mining Park was declared by the organization in 2005, and the construction was approved by the state in August 2005, passed the expert review in July 2007, and in October 2007, the groundbreaking took place. The completed Huaibei National Mining Park covers an area of about 40 acres, with a construction area of 3,642 square meters and a total of 12 exhibition halls, namely, Prologue Hall, Multimedia Demonstration Hall, Roadway Simulation Hall, Comprehensive Hall, Mining Safety Hall, Coal Resource Utilization and Industry Chain Hall, Enterprise Style Hall, Coal and Huaibei Prologue Hall, Coal and Huaibei Main Exhibition Hall, City is the Park Hall, Message Wall Hall, as well as the Recreation and Experience Hall. The Huaibei National Mining Park is modeled after the Youyi Coal Mine, showing a dynamic coal mine to people.       The Huaibei National Mining Park in Anhui Province belongs to this category. Huaibei National Mining Park was declared by the organization in 2005, approved by the state in August 2005, passed the expert review in July 2007, and in October 2007, the groundbreaking took place. The completed Huaibei National Mining Park covers an area of about 40 acres, with a construction area of 3,642 square meters and a total of 12 exhibition halls, namely, Prologue Hall, Multimedia Demonstration Hall, Tunnel Simulation Hall, Comprehensive Hall, Mining Safety Hall, Coal Resource Utilization and Industry Chain Hall, Enterprise Style Hall, Coal and Huaibei Prologue Hall, Coal and Huaibei Main Exhibition Hall, City is the Park Hall, Message Wall Hall, as well as the Recreation and Experience Hall. The Huaibei National Mining Park is modeled after the Youyi Coal Mine, showing people a dynamic coal mine in its original form. It traces the production and discovery of coal, explores the early development of coal in Huaibei, recounts the history of the revolutionary struggle of miners in Huaibei, and concentrates on the history and culture of the mining industry in Huaibei and the knowledge of geological science and technology, as well as the road of the rise, transformation and leaping of the city of Huaibei, whose core exhibits consist of the physical equipment of the construction of mines as well as the related text, pictures and video materials, with an exhibition area of 3,000 square meters, 36 sets of electronic equipment, 973 pieces of ore specimens, 973 pieces of mineral specimens and 973 pieces of mineral specimens, and the video materials of the city of Huaibei. The exhibition area is 3,000 square meters, with 36 sets of electronic equipment, 973 pieces of ore specimens and more than 200 pieces of physical objects.    03. Tourism Development    With the environmental problems becoming more and more prominent, the national macro-policy on mining activities to carry out strict control, and gradually outlawed shutdown. Under such a general trend, numerous mining enterprises are under pressure to shut down or transform. Therefore, in December 2015, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the National Tourism Administration jointly issued the Opinions on Land Use Policies for Supporting the Development of Tourism, a document that clearly proposes to support the use of unutilized land, abandoned land, abandoned mines, and remote islands for the construction of tourism projects. Clarify the land use policy for new tourism business, promote cultural development, and use existing cultural heritage, large public facilities, famous colleges and universities, scientific research institutions, industrial and mining enterprises, and large farms to carry out cultural and study tourism activities, etc. Under the premise of conforming to the planning and not changing the use of the land, the land right holders of the above institutions who use their existing properties to set up lodging, catering, and other tourism reception facilities can keep the original land use and right types unchanged. The new land policy encourages the development of tourism on abandoned industrial and mining land, giving a strong boost to tourism development in mines.   (Interface of the document "Opinions on the Policy of Supporting Land Use for Tourism Development" on the government's official website)   Objectively speaking, tourism development of mines not only has the opportunity to realize more significant economic benefits, but also can solve the problem of releasing a large number of laborers in mining areas who are in urgent need of employment and resettlement. In addition, tourism, as an industry strongly advocated and supported by the state, can also strive for more policy support and financial support for mine restoration, and ultimately realize the goal of ecological, economic and social benefits at the same time.   Mine tourism development has been a long time, but mostly for the mine shut down through the development of ecological restoration and governance, the more successful cases are the British Eden, the project can be regarded as the world's largest greenhouse. The project site was originally a huge pit left behind by the local people extracting clay, the project investment of 130 million pounds, lasted two years, completed in 2000. The project mainly consists of eight futuristic colors full of huge honeycomb dome building, which every four dome-shaped building connected to a group, in the form of a blister like an enlarged countless times. Tens of thousands of species of plants native to Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and the Americas in different climates are cultivated in the "Big Bubble", with the main purpose of demonstrating the relationship between plants and people, and how human beings rely on plants for sustainable development. It attracts more than 1.2 million visitors from all over the world every year.     (Garden of Eden)   A better developed case in China is the Huangshi National Mining Park. Located in the Tieshan District of Huangshi City, Hubei Province, Huangshi National Mining Park is the first national mining park in China. The famous Han Ye Ping Coal and Iron Company's "metallurgy" refers to Daye Iron Mine. After a hundred years of mining, the East Open Pit of Daye Iron Mine has formed the world's high and steep slopes with a drop of 444 meters. In order to manage the ecological environment, the mine invested tens of millions of dollars to form a hard rock reclamation base in Asia. in July 2006, the Daye iron ore mine area, Tonglushan ancient copper mine site area composed of "a park and two areas", by the National Mining Park Review Committee review and approval, confirmed as the Huangshi National Mining Park, the planning area of 30 square kilometers.   (Huangshi National Mining Park)    04. Reclamation of land   The research and implementation of reclamation and field-building technology has a history of several decades in Europe and the United States. The model is to improve the local geological conditions, supplement and increase the area of arable land by reclaiming the mines after development, which has better economic and social benefits.       (Da Manzi Mountain Comprehensive Land Improvement Project)   Laiwu District, Miao Shan Township, Da Manzi Mountain Land Comprehensive Improvement Project belongs to this category, in order to completely eliminate hidden dangers, accelerate the progress of abandoned mine governance, natural resources departments of the project for mining geological environment restoration and governance, reclamation of industrial and mining wasteland, land upgrading and renovation of the three phases of governance. The sand and gravel plant, which was reclaimed in an unorganized manner and damaged the ecology seriously, was transformed into farmland, with a total governance area of more than 760 acres, a total investment of more than 35 million yuan, and 360 acres of new arable land. The project started in June 2018, and has now basically reached the conditions for completion and acceptance.    05. Water diversion and lake-making   The water diversion and lake-making project can be said to be an extension of the reclamation and field-making project, and through the systematic governance and reconstruction of the environment and ecology around the mining pit, water can be introduced to transform the open pit into a lake. Through the role of the lake, the land near the pit will be slowly transformed into fertile farmland, dense forests and blue lakes, which can realize the integrated development of the mining area's economy, culture, tourism and society.   (Biville Quarry, France)   The most famous case is the Biville Quarry in France, located at the top of the Clairefontaine gorge, which was shut down in 1989 after 10 years of stone extraction. What was left was a 450m long linear quarry pit of uniform width, uneven due to the 20-40m drop and the barren 45-degree slopes. The designers transformed it into a recreational area with a 3.5 square kilometer lake, including a series of facilities and equipment designed to direct the flow of water so that it would converge to form a lake on the valley floor. The banks of the lake were designed to accommodate the most popular leisure activity in the area - fishing. Vegetation was then introduced to restore the abandoned quarry to a natural state, and the Biville quarry was transformed to preserve the industrial aspects of the site and to transform it into a distinctive and iconic place in the new landscape structure, showing respect for the historical heritage of the site.    06. Waste treatment plant    With the development of the mining industry, the problem of "garbage around the mountain" is also highlighted. In the past, the waste residue and garbage produced in the process of mining were casually discharged and discarded, which can easily lead to water pollution and land contamination over time. The use of abandoned mine pits as a production and living garbage treatment base, can solve the problem of garbage occupation, environmental pollution, resource recycling and reuse, get three good results in one.    (St. Michaels Environmental Center)   In Montreal, Canada, there is a waste treatment plant built using a mine pit - St. Michel Environmental Center. 1930s, this land in the downtown area of Montreal, a large limestone mining site about 70 meters deep. 1968, the local people stopped logging, but used a lazy way --In 1968, the locals stopped logging, but in a lazy attempt to heal the earth's "bleeding scars" by filling it with landfill. Soon the site became the third largest landfill in North America, and the residents of the 57 surrounding communities began decades of nightmares about the stench, the annoying crows, the noise of garbage trucks, and the possibility of groundwater contamination by seepage from the landfill. 1984 saw the City of Montreal decide to reclaim the land, 1988 saw a halt to the quarrying process, and 1995 saw the beginning of a massive revitalization process. Today, the site is being transformed into a large park and green space that has been given a new lease of life and will be fully open to the public in 2020. Under the guidance of the government, the project was constructed as a comprehensive final waste disposal site. The initial renovation of the project was aimed at the methane gas from the decomposition of the waste, and thus a power plant to convert the methane gas into electricity was built, and after the environment was greatly improved, a wastewater treatment system was built to efficiently collect the waste waste liquids, so that the waste pollution was reduced to a minimum. In the course of the management process, the city government has a more positive vision for the future of the project, not only to restore the damaged soil and cultivate a large forested green space, making it the largest green park in the city, but also to build facilities for education, leisure and cultural activities, and, at the same time, to preserve the mining history of the area. ...... In the joint efforts of the people, the San Michele Environmental Center has become the most important environmental center in the city, and the city's environmental policy has become the most important one. Working together, the St. Michaels Environmental Center was reborn.      07. Warehousing    Some of the abandoned mines can be transformed into warehouses for the development of side industries by utilizing their geographical and topographical features. Firstly, some abandoned mines with stable surrounding rocks, relatively spacious roadways, suitable for automobile traffic and relatively convenient transportation can make use of their characteristics of warm winters and cool summers, and through engineering renovation can be turned into warehousing sites for storing fruits, vegetables and other items that need to be stored within a certain temperature range. Secondly, abandoned mines with stable surrounding rocks, with roadways that are easy to transport, far away from villages, and that are not water sources or with developed water systems, especially abandoned mines with large distances from the surface of the air-mining zone, can be used as storage sites for waste materials from industrial and medical industries after renovation. Finally, some mines are not far from towns and are not located upstream of water sources or upwind of towns, and abandoned open-pit mines and underground mining subsidence zones that are larger in scale and lower than the surrounding terrain can be used as landfill sites for town waste.   --------------------------------------   Note: This article comes from Mining State, Mining Safety World.